Phlebotomus (Adlerius) simici NITZULESCU, 1931: first record in Austria and phylogenetic relationship with other Adlerius species

Abstract Background Phlebotomine sand flies are the principal vectors of Leishmania spp. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). Information on in Central Europe is scarce and, to date, Austria, only Phlebotomus mascittii has been recorded. In 2018 and 2019, entomological surveys were conducted Austria with aim further clarify fly distribution species composition. Results a Ph. simici specimen was trapped for first time. Analyses two commonly used marker genes, cytochrome c oxidase I ( cox ) b cytb ), revealed high sequence identity specimens from North Macedonia Greece. Phylogenetic analyses showed intraspecific distances within , thereby dividing this into three lineages: one each Europe, Turkey Israel. Low interspecific between brevis an as yet unidentified Adlerius sp. Armenia highlight how challenging molecular identification complex can be, even when standard genes applied. Conclusion To our knowledge, study reports finding representing northernmost recording date. Moreover, it reveals valuable insights phylogenetic relationships among subgenus . suspected vector L. infantum therefore medical veterinary importance. Potential expansion due climatic change increasing import -infected dogs endemic areas support need studies general. Graphic abstract